The study designs of the Nigeria and Cameroon ICEMR projects involve repeated cross-sectional surveys in selected clinics and at community level to screen for mono- and mixed Plasmodium falciparum or NFM infections, identify participants for direct skin feeding procedures, and assess subclinical infections through community enrolment. Clinical sampling will be conducted by ACEGID in Nigeria and in Cameroon by CRID in urban and rural areas, with coordination alongside ongoing research in Dschang. Biological samples collected include finger-prick blood, venous blood, and case report forms, with subsets used for direct membrane feeding assays to evaluate parasite transmissibility. Patients diagnosed with malaria will be referred for treatment according to national guidelines, while asymptomatic participants will be counselled for follow-up care. Target enrolment is 1,000 participants per site per year. Complementary entomological surveys will be conducted in the dry season and the rainy season across ecological sites in Nigeria and Cameroon, using adult mosquito trapping methods to monitor vector bionomics. Insecticide resistance profile as well as genetic markers involved will be assessed once each year.